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See the Talmud’s elaboration on 49b:
על מנת שאני עשיר אין אומרים כרבי אלעזר בן חרסום וכרבי אלעזר בן עזריה אלא כל שבני עירו מכבדים אותו מפני עושרו
‘On condition that I am wealthy,’ we do not say, like R. Eleazar b. Harsom and R. Eleazar b. Azariah, but as long as he is honoured by his fellow citizens on account of his wealth.
(Soncino ...
6
According to Wikipedia, 'Yarmulke' is pronounced 'Yamakah'. Which means that Yamakah is a misspelling of Yarmulke.
4
Yamaka or Yarmulke is actually a contraction of Yareh MiKah - יָרֵא מִקָה - i.e. to fear Gcd, the purpose of covering one's head, originally.
Say Yareh MiKah a few times in succession and it will start sounding like Yamaka or Yarmulke. For some reason, Yarmulke became the "official" way to say it. Compare to the etymology of Goodbye - from godbwye (1570s), ...
2
The opinion of the Aruch Hashulchan (EH 38:94) regarding this matter is that rich is a fluctuating term which is determined per the locale.
וזהו ידוע שבעיר קטנה נקרא עשיר בסכום קטן ובעיר גדולה לא נקרא עשיר בסכום כזה, ולכן תלוי לפי המקום שהוא דר בו [נ"ל]
It is commonly known that in a small city it takes less wealth to be considered rich than in a big ...
2
Your answer is within the sources in your question.
Torf means an exposed place, that should be covered.
מקום התורף - woman's genitalia should be covered if exposed.
Document's תורף - Are the exposed blanks, that should be covered (by writing) [Also, leaving those blanks open make the document dangerous sometimes].
תורפה של ירושלים - Jerusalem's ...
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