24
This is a valid way of inserting missing words, as the Shulchan Aruch in Yoreh De'ah in סימן רעו - דין תלית הדלוג Paskens:
א: טָעָה וְדִלֵּג תֵּבָה אוֹ יוֹתֵר, יָכוֹל לִתְלוֹתָהּ בֵּין הַשִּׁיטִין אֲבָל לֹא בָּרֶוַח שֶׁבֵּין דַּף לְדַף.
If he erred and missed a word or more, he can hang it between the lines, but he may not put it in the space ...
15
R Eliezer Melamed, author of Peninei Halakha, (here, note 10) writes
The Aĥaronim debate whether a woman may write a Megilla.
Birkei Yosef,
Mateh Yehuda, and Pri Megadim posit that since a woman must read the
Megilla, she may write one.
R. Akiva Eger, Avnei Nezer, and others
maintain that she is invalidated from writing a megilla, just as she
is invalidated ...
11
Rabbi Moshe Isserlis writes (YD 275:6) about various scribal traditions including large/small letters that אם שינה לא פסל - if [the scribe] deviated, he did not invalidate [the scroll].
Obviously if they can be fixed, one should do so to conform with the tradition.
9
Indeed, the Beit Yosef (OC 36) cites the Gemara you reference and claims that the ש should have a pointed base. The Peri Megadim (EA end of 32) is unsure if this is a necessary component of the letter. The Keset HaSofer (5:2:ש) implies it would be Kosher Bedieved, but one should be very careful to avoid a flat base. The Mishna Berura (Mishnat Sofrim ש) is ...
9
The Rambam writes in Hilchot Sotah 3:8
Afterwards, a scroll of parchment from a kosher animal, like the
parchment used for a Torah scroll is brought.
R Eliyahu Touger explains "the Jerusalem Talmud (Sotah 2:4) states that the parchment must be made from the hide of a kosher animal, lest the woman refuses to drink and the passage be required to be ...
9
This is a known technique. It's generally considered invalid and called פנים חדשות. See Lishkat HaSofer 9:6:
ונ"ל פשוט דאם לאחר שהעבה איזה אות מצד זה גרדו מצד השני ולא נשאר רק הכתב החדש הוי שלא כסדרן כיון דליתא לכתב הראשון
...and it seems obvious to me that if after he thickened some letter from this side he erased from the other side such that only ...
8
If the Nun's were not inverted but were left as regular letters, it is kosher bdieved.
Source: Sefer Keses Hasofer (Mahadura Tinyana), Chakira 17 (s.v. v'hinei hageonum) citing Noda Beyhudah and others
(Sefer Keses Hasofer is the classic source for Hilchos Stam by Rav Shlomo Ganzfried, the author of the Kitzur Shulchan Aruch and is probably the standard ...
8
There are two special layouts for songs - half-brick over brick, and half-brick over half-brick. The half-brick over brick is triumphant and good. The half-brick over half-brick is bad - bury the sons of Haman or the sins of the Jews.
Megillah 16b that you reference says:
אמר רבי חנינא בר פפא דרש ר' שילא איש כפר תמרתא כל השירות כולן נכתבות אריח ...
8
Shulchan Arukh YD 276:1
טעה ודילג תיבה או יותר -- יכול לתלותה בין השיטין אבל לא בריוח שבין דף לדף:
[If a scribe] erred and skipped a word or more -- he can hang it between the lines but not in the space between the columns.
Seems like you guys basically figured this one out. It looks like the scribe accidentally skipped a line, and since he couldn'...
8
In short, none have been found so far.
The earliest Ktav Ivri amulets found are the two Ketef Hinnom silver amulets from late First Temple days. A good description of them with pictures showing no taggin is here.
Taggin are not written any of the Ktav Ivri Dead Sea Scrolls(4qPaleo-XXXX, 11QPaleo-Leviticus, etc). A good picture of 11QPaleoleviticus is ...
7
There are two factors determining the start of columns in sifrei torah:
Halacha requires that certain words be at the top of the column. The acronym for these words is בי"ה שמו, the mem of which is מה טובו as you noted.
Despite the best efforts of earlier poskim including Keset Hasofer, it is traditional for all other columns to begin with the letter ...
7
Standard Sifrei Torah today have 42 lines in each column. While there are different opinions how many lines a Sefer Torah should be (See Keses Hasofer 13:6), this has not developed solwly out of Halacha.
There's a good article about how this came to be here
Until some 30 years ago, Sofrim didn't really have a good tikkun to copy from. They either used ...
7
I discovered that the מגילת אסתר of the תורה שלֵמה has some answers:
For פרמשתא, citing מדרש רבי עקיבא בן יוסף על אותיות קטנות:
פרמשתא, ש׳ ת׳ של פרמשתא קטנה, הסר פ׳ ור׳ וישאר שמתא.
This one is hard to translate and explain. So I'll leave it as is.
For ויזתא:
The Gemara in Megila (16b) says in the name of Rav Yochanan - the Vav of ויזתא needs to be ...
7
I just saw your question and wanted to let you know there is an online safrut course starting on November 15th. All the information can be found here:
http://mastery.webyeshiva.org/safrut-certification/
7
Keset HaSofer, by R Shlomo Ganzfried, discusses the laws of writing as a Sofer STaM. Topics include: how to make Kosher parchment, shapes of the letters, intent when writing, what sorts of corrections are permitted, prohibition of erasing God's name (among other things). Online at Hebrewbooks.org here.
Minchat Shai, by R Yedidya Nortzi, discusses the ...
6
In the vast majority of cases, Torah scrolls are written by Orthodox sofrim. Though there are ideological/halakhic reasons for this in some cases, the main reason is simple market share. Most of the people who have dedicated their lives to writing Torah scrolls are Orthodox. This is the same reason that most kosher meat is slaughtered by Orthodox shochtim ...
6
From personal experience, here's what the Sofer thinks about, while writing:
It's Lishma - and watch out for names of Hashem that need individual attention to become Lishma.
Don't smudge, it's wet ink all around!
Is there enough ink to finish the word? Don't drip when refilling the quill. Double check that you didn't overfill and risk a flood.
Don't miss ...
6
The sefer Piskei Teshuvos (OC 32:12-13) writes that l'chatchila one should not write anything on the margins (or anywhere else) of the sefer torah. If one did write something, even a sofer marking a mistake, he should erase it.
However, as he writes there, b'dieved it would not be a problem.
6
When I started studying hilchot safrut, I was told to use the Kesset haSofer (by R' Schlomo Ganzfried ע"ה) with R' Ya'akov Stern's Mishnat haSofer. It can be purchased here.
From others, I have gleaned that while the above contains all that you need to know, the following sefarim are good to study as well:
Rambam: Hilchot Tefillin (from the Mishneh Torah)...
6
The Talmud Yerushalmi (Megillah 3:7) says about the list that the word איש should be at the "head" of the column and ואת should be at the "end" of it. Some versions (see Masekhet Sofrim 13:6) also mention that עשרת should be at the "end" of the column. The remarks about איש and עשרת are important because we may have thought the song structure didn't include ...
6
The marginal notes you are referring to are called the masorah, in particular the masorah parva (small or inner masorah). These mostly mark rare words or ketiv qerei pairs. The other two types are the masorah magna (big or outer) on the top and bottom of the pages, mainly with links to these rare occurrences. The last one is the masorah finalis (final) with ...
6
As @DoubleAA wrote in the comments, this is not halacha, but a minhag brought by some, e.g., from here #2
"Ritual immersion on a regular basis (not just because of the decree of Ezra) is fitting for a sofer" (Chida)
And:
It is fitting to be particular about this matter (Aruch HaShulchan; Kesset HaSofer).
R Reuvain Mendlowitz in his book ...
6
Talmud Sanhedrin 103b
אמר ר"ש בן לקיש מאי דכתיב (איוב לח, טו) וימנע מרשעים אורם וזרוע רמה תשבר מפני מה עי"ן של רשעים תלויה כיון שנעשה אדם רש מלמטה נעשה רש מלמעלה
ולא נכתביה כלל ר' יוחנן ור"א חד אמר מפני כבודו של דוד וחד אמר משום כבודו של נחמיה בן חכליה
Rabbi Shimon ben Lakish says: What is the meaning of that which is written: “And He will withhold ...
6
Bnei Yissaschar, Kislev 2:
עוד כתב הרב הקדוש הנ"ל תקנו ל"ו נרות כנגד האור הראשון ששימש לאדה"ר ל"ו שעות כמשארז"ל בפסיקתא וכתב עוד שעל אות ט' של וירא אלקים את האור כי טו"ב יש על הט' ד' תגין להורות ד' פעמים ט' היינו רמז אל ל"ו נרות של חנוכ"ה ע"ש עוד בדבריו
The Rav HaKadosh (whom I mentioned above) wrote further: “They established 36 candles [on Chanukah]...
6
Yes, that custom still exists. The most famous example is the toponym בית-אל.
The Arukh HaShulchan (YD 275:24) lists the following examples, though surely there are some variant customs out there:
תובל קין,
בית אל,
ומלכי צדק,
באר שבע,
בן אוני,
בעל חנן,
צפנת פענח,
פוטי פרע,
את והב,
משומו אל,
וחרה אף,
וחרה אפי,
כס יה
.
5
Pasted from my answer to this question:
Stretching letters is not a matter of custom, but one of practicality. Halacha requires the columns be justified. Microsoft Word handles justifies text by widening spaces between words and letters. You can't do this in a sefer torah, so the sofer stretches letters instead. Good tikkunim minimize the number of "short" ...
5
There is an inyan that one should not buy STaM from someone who is not a certified sofer.
Someone could have a talent for checking, buying, and selling STaM without being really good at writing them. Such a person could have qualified as a sofer on the strength of his knowledge of halachos while only possessing limited skill at (or interest in) the ...
5
Machon Mishmeret Stam published a book on Mishnat Sofrim with a commentary.
In an appendix, they deal with this exact issue: (I couldn't find an online version...sorry)
Based on this text, I can answer your questions:
Why did the Chofetz Chaim effectively seek to passul nearly all
existing sifrei sta"m of his day? Why wasn't the existing פ kosher?
...
5
Emes l'Yaakov - #17 & Dinim Uminhagim both say that when Tagin are missing from the Torah is not considered Pasul, and one does not have to take out a different Torah, yet one should not read from it until repaired.
5
In a responsum on the topic of the crowns (1:79 in the Machon Yerushalayim edition of Shu"t HaRambam) Rambam writes that the reason for the crowns is unknown.
ואין ידוע טעם לזה ואי אפשר לכוללם בכלל
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