The Torah isn't shy about telling the future. The Torah recounts how God promised Abraham he will be a great people in the future, he will inherit the land of Israel and that his descendants will sojourn for hundreds of years and be enslaved. But where's the prophecy of the giving of the Torah? I haven't found such a prophecy, have you?
The closest hint I've seen is that when God is about to destroy Sodom and Amorah God mentions that Abraham will teach his descendants righteousness and justice... But we also don't see that happen. Can anyone point to a story in which Isaac's Torah knowledge and righteousness is on display? Jacob and Esau don't seem like they're being raised in righteousness and justice, but rather strife and jealousy. Which makes their redemption into righteous loving brothers so much more powerful in my opinion, but regardless. Why isn't the Torah talking about the wonderful Torah these people should have been learning/living?
My answer is that God might not have perceived as handing the Torah over as one of His original plans. Afterall, God seems to believe that we humans can intuit some things as right vs wrong naturally, otherwise how could God be angry at Adam for disobeying? Or warning Kain to try and dissuade him from letting his anger/jealousy consume him into murdering his brother. I don't believe God always planned to give Kain a mark, but instead chose to be in relation with Kain and humans and therefore gave Kain a mark. I believe the same is true with the Torah.
God wants to be in relation with us. And so I don't think it's fruitful to talk about whether God is perfect or not, whether God changes Their mind or not. Because regardless of God's attributes/actions, the relationship will only survive if God is in relation to our attributes/actions. Our relationship with God is described as parent child and husband wife, both of these relationships require both parties to change and adapt to each other.
And therefore it seems to me that God saw the golden calf, saw Moses as a worthy figure of teaching the people, and then for the good of us, His now chosen people, He gave us the Torah through Moses who merited being the one to teach it. God didn't change His mind, God was in relation to Moses and the Israelites. But it seems to me that God didn't give the Torah to the whole nation, He gave it to Moses, which would explain why we lack a national celebration.