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On a very basic p'shat level, whilst Avraham did indeed have two sons - they were both 'only' sons, one from Sarah and one from Hagar, and so the term yechidcha would work in this context.
Alternatively according to the Ramban it was more to do with the sense of legacy:
קח נא את בנך את יחידך בעבור היותו בן הגבירה והוא לבדו אשר יקרא לו זרע קראו יחידו ובא ...
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Every relationship between human beings is a way for us to understand part of our relationship with G-d. We can't see him or sense him or really know what it means for G-d to be our king, but we know about human kings and that helps us appreciate what he does for us in that aspect. We can't really grasp what it would mean for G-d to be a husband and Israel ...
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Hashem is our Father in Heaven and therefore, whilst He may not be our biological father He created all of us.1
All your examples are referencing this father-like relationship. We are G-d's chosen people and He functions as "Avinu Malkeinu", both our father and King.
One source that brings out the Father-Son relationship we enjoy with Hashem is ...
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I can't speak for Modern Hebrew, but Biblically and Talmudically? Sure.
After finishing the Havdalah ceremony to end the Sabbath, everyone sings a song called Eliyahu HaNavi, Eliyahu HaTishbi, Eliyahu HaGil'adi.
Elijah the Gil'adite.
Jephtha is also called "the Gil'adite" (Judges 11:1).
There's a Psalm to "Eitan the Ezrachite", though ...
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I don't think the assumptions in your quotation are true. "Ish" translates very well as "man". It's basic meaning is a human male, but it can sometimes be used to represent a person in charge, e.g. man of the house. A simple Sefaria search of the word Ish will show that generally it just means a regular man, just as "Ishah" ...
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Maybe I can contribute although I am a Christian; I have studied this question based on the question which was the language commonly spoken in the time of Jesus which is the last century of the Jewish state and one or two centuries later than the requested period, and I had discovered this question before.
I observe that
In Eusebios, Church History, is said ...
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Fakehrt generally means "to the contrary," or, "the opposite is true".
Punkt fakehrt means the "exact opposite is true".
A fakehrte sevara means "an opposite way of reasoning."
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