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There are numerous factors that need consideration for a full answer, and every scenario needs a case-by-case analysis. See here and here for a partial treatment.
To answer the specific question of distance - there is no minimum distance that makes or breaks a minyan. However, the Minchas Yitzchok adds two conditions which must be met:
תלוי בשמיעת הש"ץ ...
2
When gedalai was told that someone was planing o killing him, Gedalia ignored it. He said oy, Lashon Hara, But it was letoelet. Many men died because of Gedalia's foolish actions.
The people who died are considered to be on his head. That is why the passuk says these men who gedalia killed.{rashi, Mtzudat david}
1
The Gemora 76b asks regarding the case of "it should be a Get now if i don't come back here in 12 months time (same would apply with returning to where she lives in 30 days)". How can we even know that he really came back to where his wife lives if the stipulation is between the husband and wife (i.e he could just say he came back and she'll never be ...
1
Shulchan Aruch Even haezer 143, 10
הַנּוֹתֵן גֵּט לְאִשְׁתּוֹ ...אִם הִתְנָה עָלֶיהָ שֶׁתִּתֵּן לוֹ מָאתַיִם זוּז, וְחָזַר וְהִתְנָה בִּפְנֵי שְׁנַיִם שֶׁתִּתֵּן לוֹ שְׁלשׁ מֵאוֹת זוּז, כְּבָר בִּטֵּל הַתְּנַאי שֶׁל מָאתַיִם זוּז, וּצְרִיכָה לִתֵּן שְׁלשׁ מֵאוֹת זוּז. וְכֵן כָּל כַּיּוֹצֵא בָּזֶה
If a person gave a Get to his wife stipulating she ...
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This seems to be a dispute between Rashi and Rambam.
According to Rashi (Sanhedrin 72b DH Yatza Rosho), the fetus is not considered a separate entity.
יצא ראשו - באשה המקשה לילד ומסוכנת וקתני רישא החיה פושטת ידה וחותכתו ומוציאתו לאברים דכל זמן שלא יצא לאויר העולם לאו נפש הוא וניתן להורגו ולהציל את אמו אבל יצא ראשו אין נוגעים בו להורגו דהוה ליה כילוד ואין ...
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