If you are looking for and english guide to the laws of berachot, I would recommend the Yalkut Yosef Saka Edition Volumes 4-6 (especially for sefardim). I would also recommend "Halachos of Brochos" by Feldheim (especially for ashkenazim).

The laws are extensive. The below is a quick guide of many of the main facts one should keep in their head in the laws of berachot, and will help them when they learn the laws from the books and their LOR.

It is important to speak to one's LOR for learning how to make berachot, as soon as possible, for help with important custom-specific pronunciation, and guidance on which other particulars one should follow according to one's custom, and going through the laws. Don't use this guide without also consulting your LOR.

• Each before-beracha begins the standard way בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה יְ‑יָ אֱ‑לֹהֵינוּ מֶלֶךְ הָעוֹלָם - Baruch Atah Ado-nai Elo-heinu Melech Ha'Olam.... The after-berachot texts are listed in Shmuel's answer.
• As one starts, it's important to keep consulting one of the comprehensiv berachot lists, which list most foods for most things. One will get to learn them (although we all will rely on lists from time to time). Picking a list is best done with one's LOR as they will find the right custom.

Basic Guide to Brachot

Before-Berachot

There are six main before-berachot to know. They are said in order when multiple apply to one meal, and therefore listed in that order. Some exceptions noted.

הַמּוֹצִיא לֶחֶם מִן הָאָרֶץ - HaMotzi Lechem Min Ha'Aretz

Said on: Bread¹, but covers everything else in the meal, except wine, desert, and other minor variations². Is said first, and therefore other berachot should not be said (exceptions listed in footnotes).
After beracha: Birchat HaMazon (bentching), which covers everything else eaten at the meal.

^{1 - There are many breads that HaMotzi is not said on. Kosher bread will always list whether it is HaMotzi, Mezonot or Shehakol.
2 - There are different customs about what counts as desert, and there are some other customs about fruit and nuts etc; one should learn these with one's LOR.}

בּוֹרֵא מִינֵי מְזוֹנוֹת - Boreh Mineh Mezonot/Borei Minei Mezonos

Said on: Specific, generally grain-based items not covered by HaMotzi, and some other basic sustenance items like rice.¹
After beracha: Al HaMichiya, minor exceptions like rice would be Boreh Nefashot//Borei Nefashos

NOTE: There are important rules to learn, which are specific to one's own customs (seek LOR), about when to say HaMotzi and/or Birchat HaMazon, instead of the above, such as when sitting down for a meal, or eating a certain large amount.

^{1 - Most kosher products will say on the packet if they are HaMotzi, Al Hamichiya, or Shehakol. One should be familiar with the general rules for how this works, such as when fruit juice is used instead of water etc.}

בּוֹרֵא פְּרִי הַגָּפֶן/הַגֶּפֶן - Boreh Peri HaGefen/Borei P'ri HaGafen

Said on: Wine and proper grape juice.
After beracha: Al HaGefen

NOTE: This is sometimes said before HaMotzi, such as on Shabbat and Yom Tov.

בּוֹרֵא פְּרִי הָעֵץ - Boreh Peri Ha'Etz/Borei P'ri Ha'Eitz

Said on: Fruits^1,2.
After beracha: Boreh Nefashot/Borei Nefashos or Al Ha'Etz/Al Ha'Eitz (see below)

When to say Al Ha'Etz/Al Ha'Eitz

• Upon having eaten the requisite amount (See below, in the Amounts section) of one of the following 5 fruits from Israel: grapes, figs, dates, olives and/or pomegranates.

When to say Boreh Nefashot/Borei Nefashos

• All other fruit

בּוֹרֵא פְּרִי הָאֲדָמָה - Boreh Peri Ha'Adamah/Borei P'ri Ha'Adamah

Said on: Vegetables^1,2.
After beracha: Boreh Nefashot/Borei Nefashos

^{1 - One should look up and try to learn every item on the list of fruits and vegetables, as common sense can't be relied on (banana is not counted as a fruit, some berries and nuts are etc.), and it is very custom specific so ask your LOR
2 - If they are processed in certain ways, the bracha might be Shehakol. Consult the packet (many kosher products list the beracha under the kosher symbol), guides, and one's LOR to know the general rules, and individual cases.}

שֶׁהַכֹּל נִהְיָה בִּדְבָרוֹ - SheHakol Nihiya/Nihiyeh Bidvaro

Said on: Everything else.
After beracha: Boreh Nefashot/Borei Nefashos

After Berachot

There are 3 main after-berachot (with 2 variations) to know for most situations. Apart from the first, bentching, which covers everything eaten, one might combine the others if multiple are needed to cover everything. One generally has a time limit after eating to say them, generally 72 minutes (ask your LOR).

Birchat HaMazon (Bentching)

• A long, sit-down beracha, said after eating a requisite amount of bread (and a few other exceptions), composed of for main berachot and many additional supplications.
• Additional supplications are added in various situations like when there are more than 3 men, when it is a Yom Tov or Shabbat, or at various simchas.
• One should say it where one ate, and laws about leaving the place, changing place, and many others are explained in the halachic works that one should learn.

Me'En Shalosh (Al HaMichiya, Al HaGefen, Al Ha'Eitz)

• A single beracha covering the 7 fruits/grains of Israel (wheat, barley, grapes, figs, olives, dates and pomegranates), as well as wine and mezonot/mezonos foods.
• The text will explain how to combine the words when multiple of the above have been eaten. In all these cases, only one beracha is said, but the extra parts are included within it. There are also variations for Shabbat, Yom Tov etc. listed.
• The laws of location are similar to bentching.

Boreh Nefashot/Borei Nefashos

• A short beracha for everything else.
• One can generally change location. Ask your LOR and learn the laws.

Other Points

• עַל נְטִילַת יָדָֽיִם - Netilat Yadayim/Netilas Yadayim - There are laws about washing with a cup before bread, including how much bread one plans to eat, and whether to say the beracha for netilat yadayim (which one will do in most cases), and not talking between saying it etc. that everyone should know.
• Tofel and Ikar - There is an important set of laws on tofel and ikar, that one should be familiar with. It is about deciding if one food is in some way subservient to another, and therefore only one beracha is made - on the main food (ikar), not the subservient (tofel). One normally wouldn't say a beracha on ketchup, if it's being eaten with chips/fries, for example.
• What is covered - For HaMotzi and Mezonot/Mezonos, they cover more items, such as items not in the room etc. For the others, it might not do so. A few rules here, custom specific, to become familiar with.
• The procedure is important - There are laws about what to do and not do before, during and immediately after the beracha, including laws of cleanliness, concentration on the meaning, and not doing anything between the beracha, and eating/drinking without delay.
• Amounts - There are laws on amounts, e.g. one makes a before-beracha on any amount (with some exceptions), but an after-beracha on (usually) at least a volume known as a kezayit (food) or revi'it (drink) in a certain time frame (e.g. according to some, 9 minutes for food, a single or couple of quick gulps for drink), that one should know. One's LOR will guide them how to measure and estimate these. They are custom specific.
• Mistakes - There are laws about what to do when one said the wrong beracha (some cover others after the fact, some don't) or forgot to say it, or took too long to eat. When to say it again, when not etc.
• Hashem's Name It is important to know how serious it is to say Hashem's name, as well as how serious it is to not say a beracha when one is obligated to, and therefore making berachot properly is very important. There are also laws on this, such as what to do in doubt, what to do if one said Hashem's name in a mistaken beracha etc.
• Pronunciation - Very important also is pronunciation. One's LOR will help with that, and offer advice about concentration and language barrier issues, if applicable.

There is even more than this, plenty to learn but the main things one should know on a day to day basis are quickly mastered, so it's not as daunting as it seems.