Midrash, Bereishit Rabbah 22:12
וַיָּשֶׂם ה' לְקַיִן אוֹת, רַבִּי יְהוּדָה וְרַבִּי נְחֶמְיָה. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אָמַר הִזְרִיחַ לוֹ גַּלְגַּל חַמָּה, אָמַר רַבִּי נְחֶמְיָה לְאוֹתוֹ רָשָׁע הָיָה מַזְרִיחַ לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא גַּלְגַּל חַמָּה, אֶלָּא מְלַמֵּד שֶׁהִזְרִיחַ לוֹ הַצָּרַעַת, הֵיךְ מָה דְאַתְּ אָמַר וְהָיָה אִם לֹא יַאֲמִינוּ לָךְ וְלֹא יִשְׁמְעוּ לְקֹל הָאֹת וגו'. רַב אָמַר כֶּלֶב מָסַר לוֹ. אַבָּא יוֹסֵי בֶּן קֵסָרִי אָמַר קֶרֶן הִצְמִיחַ לוֹ. רַב אָמַר עֲשָׂאוֹ אוֹת לְרוֹצְחָנִים. רַבִּי חָנִין אָמַר עֲשָאוֹ אוֹת לְבַעֲלֵי תְּשׁוּבָה. רַבִּי לֵוִי בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן לָקִישׁ אָמַר תְּלָאוֹ בְּרִפְיוֹן וּבָא מַבּוּל וּשְׁטָפוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר וַיִּמַח אֶת כָּל הַיְקוּם אֲשֶׁר עַל פְּנֵי הָאֲדָמָה, כְּמָה דְאַתְּ אָמַר וַיָּקָם קַיִן וגו'.
"And Hashem set a sign for Kayin." (Bereishit 4:15) Rabbi Yehudah said: He caused the sphere of the sun to shine on his account. Rabbi Nechemiah said: HaKadosh Baruch Hu caused the sphere of the sun to sign on account of the wicked!? Rather, He caused tzara'at to break out on him, as you read, "And it shall be, if they will not believe you, or listen to the voice of the first sign, etc." (Shemot 4:8) Rav said: He gave him a dog. Abba Yosei ben Keisari said: He caused a horn to grow from him. Rav said: He made him a sign (example) to murderers. Rabbi Chanin said: He made him a sign (example) to those who do teshuvah (repentence). Rabbi Levi said in the name of Rabbi Shimon ben Lakish: He postponed his judgment until the Flood swept him away, as it is said, "And he wiped out everything on the surface of the earth, etc." (Bereishit 7:23)
On a side note, Rashi says Hashem engraved a letter of His Name on Kayin's forehead. Ramban quotes Rav above and says Hashem gave Kayin a guide dog. Most of the commentators are quiet about this or admit the Torah gives us little information about what this sign was.