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In Bemidbar 13:20, when Moses instructs the spies he tells them to bring back from the fruit of the land. As he didn't specify certain fruits, we would assume that he meant that they should bring a sample of all of them, i.e., all 7 species.
When the spies returned, they brought back a sample of only grapes, figs and pomegranates, as we see in verse 23.
Why didn't the spies bring back samples of wheat, barley, dates, and olives?
See Siftei Chachamim letter ר on verse 23. Essentially, the spies did this intentionally so that they could speak badly about the land, namely, that this was the only fruit that the land produces.
(My thoughts, here:) This explanation is confirmed by what they said in the end of verse 27 by saying "...this is its fruit", meaning "its only fruit". I.e., they didn't qualify anything by saying something like "this is a sample of the various types of fruit."
As @Ezra correctly notes in his answer, The pasuk clearly says (Bamidbar 13:20):
What is the soil like is it fat or lean? Are there any trees in it or not? You shall be courageous and take from the fruit of the land." It was the season when the first grapes begin to ripen.
I discuss a related issue (why point to the ripening of the grapes if they also bring pomegranates and figs) in a blog post, here, where I point to a chart from Agriculture in Iron Age Israel (Oded Borowski, 1987, page 7), which tries to fix the seasons in Ancient Israel on the basis of harvesting in modern Israel, under the theory that the climate in the same geographical location would be the same across eras:
This would address @DoubleAA's question / comment on @Ezra's answer,
If none were in season, then why did they bring pomegranates with the grapes?
As you can see from the chart, figs and pomegranates were not yet ripe, but were almost there, and could be brought by the scouts to a waiting Hebrew populace eager to sample the fruits of Israel.
Olives only ripened months later. And wheat, barley and oats had already ripened and been harvested months earlier.
The word used in verse 20 is From the fruit of the land מפרי הארץ. This prefix means taking a part of something bigger while leaving something else behind. We find this in many places in Chumash. An example of this is also in Parshas Shelach 15:21 where the Pasuk says מראשית עריסתיכם. See Rashi here where he says it means to take Challah from part of the first dough but not the entire first dough. Another place we find this concept is in the beginning of Varikra Perek 1 verse 2 where Rashi infers from the prefix from that it's to the exclusion of something else. There are other places this is true as well, such as by the Mitzva of Bikurrim in Devorim 26:2. See Rashi there.
Therefore, since Moshe Rabbeinu said to take from the fruit of the land and not from the entire fruit of the land, they didn't take from all 7 species.
The passuk clearly says (Bamidbar 13:20):
What is the soil like is it fat or lean? Are there any trees in it or not? You shall be courageous and take from the fruit of the land." It was the season when the first grapes begin to ripen.
Simply put, none of the other seven species of Israel were in season but the grapes.
