Shabbos is exactly 24 hours according to the Torah (See maseches Moed koton daf 3b-4a)and tosefes shabbos is a very short amount of time a matter of seconds (tos moed koton 4a), but we don't know exactly when it starts and ends so we keep from shekia (sunset) which is the start of bein hashmoshos (the unknown zone) and motzei shabbos ends at tzeis (either night fall or 72 minutes after sunset) that period we keep shabbos as a must.
. and tosefos 4a "ma".
The source of a veses spanning 12 daylight hours (i.e split all the day light equally into 12 hours) or night hours is in Niddah 63b היתה למודה להיות רואה מיום עשרים ליום עשרים ומשש שעות לשש שעות הגיע יום עשרים ולא ראתה אסורה לשמש כל שש שעות ראשונות דברי רבי יהודה ורבי יוסי מתיר עד שש שעות וחוששת בשש שעות עברו שש שעות ולא ראתה אסורה לשמש כל היום כולו דברי ר' יהודה ורבי יוסי מתיר מן המנחה ולמעלה:
אמר רבא הלכה כרבי יהודה - (translation according to rabbi Yehuda whom the halacha follows)
If she was used to discharging blood on day 20 at 6 hours in the day, had day 20 arrived and she has not yet discharged blood she is forbidden to her husband until the 6th hour( when she is expected to discharge blood), If she still hadn't discharged blood after 6 hours she is still forbidden for the remain of the entire day.
Therefore even though miderabbonon we add on to shabbos even more than the necessary from plag hamincha onward on friday as is allowed in halacha, we still can't change the day boundaries with regards to her veses, and a veses of the day is till nightfall (i.e beyond sunset) as we don't know when the next day starts.