Pretty much what the title says. Where in the Torah do we find something for which we need 10 Kohanim or 1 Yisrael?
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In a minyan with 11 Jews, if they are all Kohanim, one goes up to duchan and 10 stay behind and answer Amen. If one of them is a Yisrael, all the Kohanim can duchan and the one Yisrael answers Amen (he is significant on his own since the main mitzva is to bless the Yisraelim. (SA OC 128:2,5 MB 101)
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re your comment in the deleted answer below: If you don't mind my asking, what other meyuchas families do you know of? To what extent can they prove their yichus?– Double AA ♦Commented Dec 25, 2012 at 22:35
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My former rav's last name was "Rappaport" and he was not a Cohen. I won't comment on what people thought of his yichus, but I don't think their opinion would have changed if he were a Cohen :-?– DanFCommented Mar 29, 2017 at 20:36
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@DanF I know of a Rabbi Cohen who is actually just a Levi not a Cohen because when his great-grandfather came to the UK and couldn't speak any English and had a piece of paper that said Cohen as that was the name of the person he was going to stay with, ended up being called Cohen instead of Shumacher!!! Commented Sep 13, 2017 at 17:35
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@JoshuaPearl There are plenty of anomalies. One of the former presidents in my shul had a last name "Katz". He was Yisra'el. I also know a Kahana who is a Levi.– DanFCommented Sep 13, 2017 at 20:01