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I've read that ידים is to be pronounced ya- DAI - im, yet שמים is to be pronounced sha-MAI-yim.

Both end the same, but are pronounced differently. (This was from a text purporting to teach "Biblical Hebrew, meaning as it was pronounced in ancient times").

Is there a rule I am missing? Seems strange, as the orthography is exact for the pair. I'd like to understand the rules for how to pronounce this form in general so that I can pronounce the words correctly when studying the Bible in Hebrew.

EDIT: I would like to thank Dave for pointing out later on in the book the author completely contradicts her original phonetic rendering and spells all of the duals with the YIM ending.

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    Hello EEE and welcome to Mi Yodeya! Thanks for the great question on precise Hebrew pronunciation. Could you cite the text to which you refer? – WAF May 14 '12 at 1:14
  • I take it that this was an "academic" text? – Dave May 14 '12 at 1:41
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    @DoubleAA: not so. See Gen. 27:22, for example. Other duals don't have a dagesh in that yud either, like אַפַּיִם. – Alex May 14 '12 at 3:08
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    @EEE That's because there is not a diphthong in this case. The diphthong you describe is when a patach syllable is closed by a yud. Here, the yud doesn't close the patach syllable. The patach syllable is left open, and the yud opens the next syllable. (Note that to close a syllable one needs a shva nach, or a dagesh chazak which is the functional equivalent. Here the yud has neither, so there is no diphthong.) – Double AA♦ May 14 '12 at 4:50
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    @EEE I don't see what the problem is: ya-da-yim as I said above. No diphthong. – Double AA♦ May 14 '12 at 15:55
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The rule is as stated by others in the comments, that the Yud is part of the ending. As such, if breaking it up into parts, it would be most correct to portray the visualization of it as Ya-DA-Yim, as described by @Double AA.

However, I believe it is incorrect to deliberately pronounce it that way - and by that I mean pronouncing it with deliberate emphasis on each of the syllables.

There should, in my opinion, be a diphthong when it is pronounced audibly, much like this*:

Pronouncing Hebrew nouns with dual endings (diphthong)

My view on this is shaped by some limited experience studying Semitic languages on the academic level. I am far from an expert, but I believe the Hebrew language, much like its sister languages, has a natural fluidity when pronounced, unlike Germanic languages (like English), which have more rigid stops. To be fair, Hebrew does have stops, and the Ba'alei Mesorah have encoded for us certain forced stops in certain syllables, but I believe this is proof of the natural inclination of Hebrew to follow this pattern: that is, the fact that we have certain places where rigidity is enforced shows that the language has a natural fluidity to it.

I cannot speak for the author of the book you have studied, nor for other (more professional) opinions on the matter, but in most cases, especially as a student, when I have asked more advanced experts (both academic and religious, most times overlapping) on similar subjects, I've been pushed in the direction of allowing fluidity, rather than rigidity, in the pronunciation of Hebrew.

EDIT:
*Unfortunately, I cannot recall from what text I took this.

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    Where does your screenshot come from? Can you please edit in a reference, and while you're at it, replace the image with block-quoted text? – Isaac Moses♦ Feb 12 '15 at 14:58
  • Please try and replace the "enter image description here" with short text that actually describes the image (true for any image). Such descriptions help among other things, blind/vision-impaired people who are using text-to-speech software to navigate the web – Double AA♦ Jun 30 '16 at 17:34
  • @DoubleAA, done. Didn't even know that was a thing. – Seth J Jun 30 '16 at 17:48
  • Thanks We've been working through older posts here meta.judaism.stackexchange.com/q/3426/759 to improve the site. Feel free to contribute by doing a couple – Double AA♦ Jun 30 '16 at 18:02
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The difference of the plural ending is due to the dual form, which "adds" a syllable in the plural form in both modern and Biblical Hebrew. Thus nouns such as hands, ears, etc., have a dual form, since they are things that occur in pairs. In regard to Biblical Hebrew, Waltke and O'Connor (1990) note the following. Please note the last paragraph at the bottom, which describes the Hebrew words מַ֫יִם ‘water’ and שָׁמַ֫יִם ‘heavens’.

Please click to enlarge.

This image comes from pages 117-118 from a grammar on Biblical Hebrew which describes the dual form, which "adds" a syllable to the pronunciation of the plural form in Hebrew.

Finally, one may ask why the word Jerusalem (יָרוּשָׁלַ֫םִ) appears in the dual form in the Hebrew language when the word is a singular noun. In this regard, the same source indicates that there are complex morphological reasons as noted in the following:

Some singular nouns, belonging to well-defined groups, show diptotic inflection. On the system in general, see Gotthelf Bergsträsser, Introduction to the Semitic Languages, trans. and sup. Peter T. Daniels (Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns, 1983) 16–17, 168–70. Cf. C. Rabin, “The Structure of the Semitic System of Case Endings,” Proceedings of the International Conference on Semitic Studies Held in Jerusalem, 19–23 July 1965 (Jerusalem: Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 1969) 190–204.

Reference:

Waltke, Bruce K. & O’Connor, Michael P. (1990). An Introduction to Biblical Hebrew Syntax. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 117-118, 126.

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