During the תקופתו של בית הראשון and even before, did forms of Tefilla and Limud b’Tzibur/ Basei Knessios exist among people?
During my years in Yeshiva, this topic was gently discussed. I remember hearing that during שנת שמיטה everyone would go to Batei midroshim and learn the whole year, and same with on Shabbat during a regular year. Other than that I have not heard of how a regular day would go for בני תורה בתקופת הבית הראשון