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I read that Judaism has stopped executing the death penalty foreseen in the Law.(1).

It seems that the Sanhedrin stopped executing the death penalty not out of a free decision but because it was imposed by the Romans to be the only authority to execute the death penalty (2). However, in Islam, that right would have been agreed to the Jews, even encouraged (3).

The Talmud discusses all death penalties in detail but not the reasons not to apply them. Several questions on this site also deal with the death penalty as if this was still practiced.

What are the main arguments in favor of the de-facto abolishment of the death penalty foreseen in the Law according to Orthodox?

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    The Talmud does explain why the death penalty stopped. Quoting John here by the way doesn't add much to the question, as it's not considered authoritative or accurate.
    – robev
    Aug 28, 2021 at 20:15
  • @robev Agree that John is not a reliable source, maybe an indication. If you know how the talmud explains it, I would appreciate your answer.
    – Jeschu
    Aug 29, 2021 at 14:17

2 Answers 2

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History of Capital Punishment

Once the Sanhedrin moved out of the Lishkas Hagazis in the Temple, they were no longer able to decree the death penalty. Since we do not have a Sanhedrin nor a Temple, we cannot use the death penalty.

While it would be possible for the king to decree the death penalty, this would be like the secular law and not halacha.

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  • Source?........
    – robev
    Aug 29, 2021 at 4:37
  • Before, was the sanhedrin the only religious institution that was in charge to decree death penalty on halacha or were there also local authorities? E.g. Israel was long time divided into two states, and also 30 C.E. the Galil was still under Herod and only Judea under the Romans.
    – Jeschu
    Aug 29, 2021 at 14:27
  • @Jeschu The king was able to decree the death penalty as well. However, that was one of the extrajudicial powers of the king. Since the Northern kingdom was in rebellion and did not follow halacha, it was like the secular state arrogating the powers to itself. Aug 29, 2021 at 15:29
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    @Jeschu There were local Sanhedrins (of 23 members) all over the Land of Israel, and as long as the national Sanhedrin (of 71) had the power to try capital cases (while they were in their headquarters in the Temple, as in this answer), so did the local ones. (Conversely, once the Sanhedrin moved, the local Sanhedrins also lost this power.)
    – Meir
    Aug 29, 2021 at 22:24
  • @Meir However, once the national Sanhedrin could no longer impose the death penalty, the local ones could not. Aug 29, 2021 at 22:25
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Here's my personal take on the subject, it was too long to make a comment.

First, I would recommend reading my questions on Sanhedrin, especially "evaluating-sages'-wisdom-when-electing-for-the-Sanhedrin".

The question of capital punishments can be reduced to Sanhedrin's authority to take people's lives, and here we can ask where does this authority come from. In fact, the Torah prescribes the punishment but never details how the Sanhedrin should be elected, beyond Moses' elders, that were chosen by his Holy Spirit. The Mishnaic proposition (Sanhedrin 4,4) of "everyone (simply) knows his relative position" without the need for elections seems somewhat problematic.

In my understanding, (without actually explaining how it worked in fact) there's no way to obtain judicial authority in the eyes of the people, but by adjoining the Sanhedrin to the Temple, and claiming [some] Holy spirit "intervention" with the judges, as the verse says "כִּי מִצִּיּוֹן תֵּצֵא תוֹרָה וּדְבַר־ה' מִירוּשָׁלִָם" - the closeness to the Temple gives Sanhedrin's decrees and sanctions the necessitated divinity. (See also Rashi on "אלה המשפטים" - "ולמה נסמכה פרשת דינין לפרשת מזבח, לומר לך שתשים סנהדרין אצל המזבח".)

Naturally, when the Temple was destroyed and the Sanhedrin lost its associated divinity, it also completely lost its authority in the eyes of the people. This can clearly be seen throughout the Talmud - rabbis themselves never appeal to the Sanhedrin, never even mention a functioning one.

Indeed, without the authority of the Roman government, without national elections, or a prophet, or a divine revelation, why would people trust a bunch of rabbis who can't agree between themselves even on how the Sanhedrin should operate? (see how-sanhedrin-was-possible-without-agreement-on-procedures".)

This seems to be the real (down-to-earth) explanation, why capital and corporal punishment at large was abandoned right after the destruction of the Temple.

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