I have heard many views.

Sh O Orach Chaim 177 (1) deals with this and paskens that fruit eaten without bread needs a brocho. MB [3] says that food that comes for “kinuach” (roughly translated “to clean the palate”) and not to satisfy needs a brocho.

You can see a clear statement here

Summary: If desserts, such as fruits, assorted nuts, and the like, are served at the end of the meal, one must recite the appropriate blessings on each item, be it “Borei Peri Ha’etz”, “Borei Peri Ha’adama”, or “Shehakol Nihya Bidvaro”.

This source goes on to deal with ice cream which is not so simple.

Sh O Orach Chaim 177 (1) deals with this and paskens that fruit eaten without bread needs a brocho. MB [3] says that food that comes for “kinuach” (roughly translated “to clean the palate”) and not to satisfy needs a brocho.

You can see a clear statement here

Summary: If desserts, such as fruits, assorted nuts, and the like, are served at the end of the meal, one must recite the appropriate blessings on each item, be it “Borei Peri Ha’etz”, “Borei Peri Ha’adama”, or “Shehakol Nihya Bidvaro”.

This source goes on to deal with ice cream which is not so simple.

I have heard other views too. For example this source requires no blessings on desserts.