Fred

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Apr 30	comment	Source for bechorot losing/reclaiming priesthood Also, I read that the Ohr HaChayyim wrote that firstborns will join the Levites in their service in the future, and that the Arizal wrote that the firstborns will replace the Kohanim (who will then serve as Levites, as hinted to by לכהנים הלוים). I don't have the sources, though.
Apr 30	comment	Source for bechorot losing/reclaiming priesthood The source for bechorim being replaced by the Levites is explicit in B'midbar (3:40-51).
Apr 30	comment	Where does it say that one must wear two layers on their head(one of the reasons for the black hat)? Further, the gemara in Chullin cited in the linked pdf refers to a special garment of the Kohein Gadol that he was required to wear due to the g'zeiras hakasuv of v'samta oso al p'sil t'cheiles.
Apr 30	comment	Where does it say that one must wear two layers on their head(one of the reasons for the black hat)? The Maharsha is referring to wearing a larger head covering, not necessarily while still wearing the smaller one. "Extra covering" refers to the size of the head covering, not to the number of coverings.
Apr 30	comment	Where does it say that one must wear two layers on their head(one of the reasons for the black hat)? @Bochur613 As far as kabbalistic sources giving significance to specifically the combination of a hat and kippa (as opposed to just a hat), I don't know of any before the 20th century. For an example of a recent kabbalistic explanation, the Lubavitcher Rebbe mentioned in a fabrengen in 1988 that having both the kippa and the hat is a physical representation of chaya and yechida makifim of the soul, and such a physical representation helps amplify the flow of the revelation of the Shechina onto an individual.
Apr 30	comment	Where does it say that one must wear two layers on their head(one of the reasons for the black hat)? @Bochur613 It's possible that the commenter on the other question was referring to BY OC 8:5, where R' Yosef Karo suggests as one alternative explanation of the Tur that, for purposes of modesty and humility, one should wear a scarf or tallis over one's head in addition to the standard kippa. He does not explicitly write that this would remove the need for the kippa, though one might infer that based on the apparent underlying reasoning. The BY does not appeal to kabbalistic reasons, just to modesty ("לצניעות ולפי שכיסוי זה מכניע את לב האדם ומביאו לידי יראת שמים").
Apr 30	comment	Where does it say that one must wear two layers on their head(one of the reasons for the black hat)? In any event, even though there are scattered sources that say that ideally one should wear both a kippa and a hat while praying, this is not because "two layers" of material has some intrinsic importance. It has to do with wearing two separate coverings - one being a regular kippa and the other being a hat. As far as I know, there is no source for the widely spread notion of preferring a kippa with an inner lining for a "double cover".
Apr 30	comment	Where does it say that one must wear two layers on their head(one of the reasons for the black hat)? @sam The Mishna Berura says to wear a hat during prayers "nowadays, as is the way people dress when they go out in the street, since it is not appropriate to appear before an important person without a hat" (paraphrased). He says that a kippa is therefore insufficient during prayers, but does not say that one needs to wear both.
Apr 29	comment	Where does it say that one must wear two layers on their head(one of the reasons for the black hat)? @DoubleAA That comment claims the Beit Yosef as a source, but does not give a specific citation.
Apr 28	comment	Were there any sages who supported the Zealots during the seige of Jerusalem? "Were the sages united in opposing the Biryonim's tactics? Or were there some well-known rabbanim who were known to have fought and died with the destruction of Jerusalem?" The second question is not the negation of the first; willingness to fight if necessary does not imply support for the biryonim.
Apr 28	comment	One Challah or Two? Possibly also relevant: Pesachim 48b, "ככרות של בבל שנושכות זו מזו".
Apr 28	comment	Tachanun on Yahrtzeit Tachanun was never recited at a certain chassidish shteibl; each day was the yahrtzeit of some rebbe. One day, no one could think of a rebbe who had a yahrtzeit. "Whose yahrtzeit is today," the gabbai asked. No one responded. "I demand that someone tell me which rebbe has a yahrtzeit," the gabbai shouted. No response. "Do you mean to tell me that not one rebbe ever died on this day?!" the gabbai thundered. "No tachanun!"
Apr 26	comment	How should parents divide wedding expenses with their child's future in-laws It means that we don't expect someone to lie about his bride's virginity in order to divorce her without paying the k'suba. The reason we can be confident is that he wouldn't go through the trouble of preparing the wedding feast if he planned on divorcing her. If he makes claims after the wedding, we assume that he therefore actually discovered new information and that he didn't plot in advance to lie about it. This seems to presuppose that he went through the trouble/expense of preparing the meal.
Apr 26	comment	Where did the sing-song chant that Jews often use while contrasting points come from? Are you asking about the origin of studying with a tune, or that particular tune?
Apr 26	comment	How should parents divide wedding expenses with their child's future in-laws The gemara might imply that the groom paid for catering: אמר רבא חזקה אין אדם טורח בסעודה ומפסידה (K'suvos 10a).
Apr 26	comment	Source for Rav Avraham Yosef's ruling on Ba'alei Teshuva I seem to recall that the reasoning for adopting Sepharadi practices was that R' Yosef Karo is considered Maran of all Jews in Israel and his rulings are binding. However, some common contemporary Sepharadi positions (including rulings by R' Ovadiah Yosef IIRC) do not accord with the Shulchan Aruch, so this has been a point of confusion for me.
Apr 24	comment	Naming after the Patriarchs/Matriarchs and Biblical heroes ... Not to mention Rabbi Ya'akov (the Tanna), Rabbi Ya'akov ben Chananaya, Rabbi Ya'akov Ish K'far Chananya, and Rabbi Ya'akov ben Kurshai.
Apr 24	comment	Naming after the Patriarchs/Matriarchs and Biblical heroes @IsaacMoses There are plenty of Chazal named after Ya'akov Avinu, including: Rabbi Ya'akov bar Idi, Rav Acha bar Ya'akov, Rav Ya'akov bar Acha, Rav Ya'akov miNahar P'kod, Rav Ya'akov b'reih d'vas Sh'mu'el, Rav Ya'akov b'reih d'vas Ya'akov, Rav Ya'akov bar Giyuri, Rabbi Ya'akov bar Nachmani, Rabbi Eli'ezer ben Ya'akov, and Rav Ya'akov bar Abba.
Apr 23	comment	Can a shul give an aliyah to an openly gay Jewish man when it gives aliyah to people who violate Shabbos? Assuming the reason is as suggested in your question ("the shul does not want to appear to approve..."), the following argument could apply to being more accommodating of Shabbos desecrators: Everyone recognizes that Orthodox Judaism opposes Shabbos violation, but, given recent social upheaval, giving an openly gay man an aliya could be perceived as a sign of change in Orthodox Judaism's attitude. Halachically speaking, though, someone who regularly, publicly, and flagrantly violates Shabbos (e.g. by parking right in front of the synagogue entrance) probably may not be given an aliyah.
Apr 23	comment	Is a Jew able to go hunting? @Bochur613 R' Moshe does not say that you can hunt for pleasure. The teshuva refers to the removal of a pest whose very presence impedes כבוד האדם (normal human behavior and dignity).