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Since R. Shimon ben Gamliel (who flourished in the mid-2nd century CE) refers to it in the past tense, it must have ceased before then. It's likely that it ended with the destruction of the second Beis Hamikdash (because after that it's impossible to speak of "the young women of Jerusalem"), or perhaps a little earlier, when immorality and murder were ...

Rabbi Yonosan Eibseshitz address this question in Yaaros Dvash (Chelek 2 Drush 4). As far as I can understand, the simple explanation why a mistaken sanctification by Beis Din was not binding in this case is because (as the Gemora in Rosh Hashana 20a explains) this is not applicable in a case of "מיחזי כשיקרא"; if it appears incorrect to the masses Beis Din ...